Hypertension is the medical terminology for high blood pressure, in which the long-term force of the blood against the artery walls when high enough can lead to a heart attack or stroke. The more the blood heart pumps and the narrower the arteries, the higher the blood pressure.
According to world health organization (WHO) criteria, hypertension is diagnosed when there are:
- Repeated higher blood pressure readings OR Sustained/persistent BP is termed hypertension
- 3 high blood pressure readings on 2 consecutive healthcare visits
- Sustained systolic BP= >140mmHg
- Sustained diastolic BP= >90mmHg is considered to constitute Hypertension
Stage I: Mild (HTN 140-159/90-99)
Stage II: Moderate (HTN 160-179/100-109)
Stage III: Severe (HTN 180-209/110-119)
Stage IV: Very severe (HTN >210/120)
Causes
There are two types of high blood pressure.
Primary (essential) Hypertension
When there is no identifiable cause of high blood pressure, and that tends to develop gradually over many years, it is called primary (essential) hypertension.
- Secondary Hypertension
When high blood pressure is caused due to an underlying condition, tends to appear suddenly and causes higher blood pressure than primary hypertension, is called secondary hypertension. Few conditions that can lead to secondary hypertension include:
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Kidney problems
- Adrenal gland tumors
- Thyroid problems
- Congenital defects
- Certain medications, such as birth control pills, decongestants, etc.
Risk factors
- Age: Hypertension is more common in people who are over 60 years of age. With age, the arteries become stiffer and narrower due to plaque build-up, thus leading to high blood pressure.
- Being overweight or obese
- Consuming large amounts of alcohol, smoking, using tobacco regularly can increase blood pressure
- Existing health conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and high cholesterol levels can lead to hypertension
- Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle are a key risk factor
- Diet rich in salt or consumption of processed, junk, and fatty foods
Complications
Heart attack or stroke
High blood pressure can cause hardening and thickening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), that can lead to a heart attack, stroke or other complications.
Aneurysm
Increased blood pressure can cause blood vessels to weaken and bulge, forming an aneurysm. If an aneurysm ruptures, it can be life-threatening.
Heart failure
To pump blood against the higher pressure in the vessels, the heart has to work even harder, causing the walls of the heart’s pumping chamber to thicken (left ventricular hypertrophy). Eventually, the thickened muscle may have a hard time pumping enough blood to meet the body’s needs, which can lead to heart failure.
Treatment
Changing lifestyle can go a long way toward controlling high blood pressure and that includes:
- Eating a heart-healthy diet with less salt (1,500 mg to 2,300 milligrams a day or less). Reduce salt consumption by eating less papad, butter, bread, cheese, canned and processed foods. Consuming Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, poultry, fish and low-fat dairy foods. Potassium-rich diet can help prevent and control high blood pressure. Consume less saturated fat and trans-fats.
- Getting regular physical activity. Regular physical activity can help lower blood pressure, manage stress, reduce risk of several health problems and keep weight under control.Try brisk walking for about 45 minutes daily.
- Limiting the amount of alcohol
- Don’t smoke. Tobacco can injure blood vessel walls and speed up the process of buildup of plaque in the arteries.
- Manage stress. Reduce stress as much as possible. Practice healthy coping techniques, such as muscle relaxation, deep breathing or meditation, and have adequate sleep
Medications to treat high blood pressure
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as lisinopril, benazepril, captopril help relax blood vessels by blocking the formation of a natural chemical that narrows blood vessels.
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) help relax blood vessels by blocking the action, not the formation, of a natural chemical that narrows blood vessels. ARBs include candesartan, losartan and others.
- Calcium channel blockers including amlodipine, diltiazem help relax the muscles of blood vessels. Some slow your heart rate.
- Beta blockers reduce the workload on the heart, causing the heart to beat slower and with less force. Beta blockers include acebutolol, atenolol and others.
- Aldosterone antagonists are spironolactone and eplerenone, block the effect of a natural chemical that can lead to salt and fluid retention.
HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINES
Belladonna
Belladonna is a sudden hypertension remedy It is suitable remedy when High blood pressure in fully blooded individuals, and when the symptoms come suddenly and violently. There is rush of blood towards head with hot and flushed face, dilated pupil and accelerated pulse rate. Frequent and congestive type of headache, throbbing in the temporal arteries. There is generalized heat but the person’s hands and feet are cold. Vertigo with headache aggravated form least jar, noise, light etc. Headache ameliorates by covering the head.
Lachesis
Lachesis is the psychological hypertension remedy The lachesis patient is intensive and talkative, having agitation and inner passion that need an outlet. Suspicions, revengeful and jealousy is marked. Cannot bear anything tight around the neck and waist and wants loose clothing. Constriction about the chest with suffocative feelings all the time, the condition gets worse after sleep or on waking in the morning. Complaints are due to the suppression of discharges. The female develops symptoms of hypertension at climacteric age. There is marked hemorrhagic tendency.
Natrum Mur
Natrum Mur is indicated in hypertension in overly responsible individuals. Natrum mur patient is introverted, conscientious, serious and perfectionist. Patient has silent grief or brooding tendency. There is headache, palpitations and feeling of tension (even coldness) in the chest. Craves for salty things and has great thirst. Worse in the heat of sun and better from being alone in a quiet place.
Aurum Metallicum
Aurum Metallicum is indicated in hypertension related to stress or excessive worries in highly ambitious people, who set high goals in life but if due to any reason fail to achieve goals become highly depressed. Self-condemnation or self-criticism develops. A highly impulsive person with a sensation that their heart would stop beating for a few minutes and then again beat with a sudden thump. There is hypertrophy of the heart without dilatation. Complaints are worse at night.
Glonoinum
Glonoinum is indicated where there is flushed face with beating headache and visible throbbing in the blood vessels of neck, heartbeat is irregular and there is feeling of congestion in the chest. Person is worse in the heat of sun, exposure to sun, sun stroke and after taking alcohol. There is a feeling of being lost in a familiar place is one of the strong indication for this remedy.
Phosphorous
Phosphorous is highly sensitive to external impressions (thunderstorm) and desires company. Phosphorous person has many fears and phobias. During hypertension frequent signs includes facial flushing, nosebleed, palpitations and a feeling of heaviness/ pain in the chest. It is for left-sided problems. A strong desire for refreshing things and cold drinks, and a marked improvement after sleeping and eating are other signs for Phosphorus.
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