Diabetic is a disease where the body cannot produce insulin or cannot be used effectively as per requirement. The hormone called insulin is responsible for helping the cells take in sugar to use for energy. When this get disturbed, the levels of sugar in the blood can become too high. Prolonged high sugar levels in the blood can cause severe problems like heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, eye problems, nerve damage, foot problems etc.
Types of Diabetes
There are mainly three types of diabetes, viz Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. In case of type 2 diabetes, the body produces less insulin or the body is not able to use insulin well. Type 2 diabetes can develop at any age; however, it is known to occur most often in middle-aged and older people.
Gestational diabetes develops in few women when they become pregnant. Most of the time, this type of diabetes disappers after the baby is born. However, a previous history of gestational diabetes increases the chance and risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
Risk factors
The risk factors that can lead to diabetes are
Overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity
Insulin resistance
Genes and family history
Stress
Hormonal disorders
Damage to or removal of pancreas
Few medicines
- diuretics
- anti-seizure drugs
- psychiatric drugs
- drugs to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- pentamidine, a drug used to treat a type of pneumonia
- glucocorticoids—medicines used to treat inflammatory illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, lupus, and ulcerative colitis
- anti-rejection medicines, used to help stop the body from rejecting a transplanted organ
Symptoms
Symptoms of diabetes include
- increased thirst and urination
- increased hunger
- fatigue
- blurred vision
- numbness or tingling in the feet or hands
- sores that do not heal
- unexplained weight loss
Lab Investigations
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test measures the blood glucose level at a single point of time. For the most reliable results, it is best to have this test in the morning, after fasting for at least 8 hours. Fasting means having nothing to eat or drink except sips of water.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) test provides average levels of blood glucose over the past 3 months. The higher the percentage, the higher the patient’s average blood glucose levels.
Random plasma glucose (RPG) test is used to diagnose diabetes when diabetes symptoms are present and the physician do not want to wait for getting fasting test done. There is no need to fast overnight for the RPG test, as this test can be done at any time.
The normal range of values are
| Diagnosis | A1C (percent) | Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)a | Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)ab | Random plasma glucose test (RPG)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Below 5.7 | 99 or below | 139 or below | |
| Prediabetes | 5.7 to 6.4 | 100 to 125 | 140 to 199 | |
| Diabetes | 6.5 or above | 126 or above | 200 or above | 200 or above |
Note: Glucose values are in milligrams per deciliter, or mg/dL.
Ways to manage your diabetes
- Manage your diabetes A (A1c test) B (blood pressure) C (cholesterol) S (stop smoking).
- Follow your diabetes meal plan.
- Make physical activity part of your routine.
- Take your medicine.
- Check your blood glucose levels.
- Work with your health care team.
- Cope with your diabetes in healthy ways.
Treatment
| Insulin Type | How fast it starts to work (onset) | When it peaks | How long it lasts (duration) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rapid-Acting | About 15 minutes after the injection | 1 hour | 2 to 4 hours |
| Short-Acting (also called Regular) | Within 30 minutes after the injection | 2 to 3 hours | 3 to 6 hours |
| Intermediate-Acting | 2 to 4 hours after the injection | 4 to 12 hours | 12 to 18 hours |
| Long-Acting | Several hours after the injection | Does not peak | 24 hours (some last longer) |
Note: There are some oral anti-hypoglycemic agents used like metformin, canagliflozin, glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide, linagliptins, glitazones, etc. and they all have different mechanism of actions.
HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINES
Few homeopathy medicines that can be given in diabetes are:
Uranium Nitricum
Uranium Nitricum is marketed to treat excessive urination, nausea, swelling, and burning with urination. This remedy is useful in diabetes originating in dyspepsia. It has polyuria, polydypsia, dryness of the mouth and skin. It decreases the sugar and quantity of the urine. The patient, inspite of good appetite and thirst, emaciates. For all the complications of diabetes, such as diabetic nephropathy, degeneration of liver, high blood pressure and dropsy. Unable to retain the urine without pain. Impotence.
Plumbum
Plumbum is used when there is numbness in the hands and feet, nerve pain, and is accompanied with tinnitus. Lowness of spirits, anguish and melancholy; diminution of sight; dryness of mouth; dry, cracked tongue; feeling of contraction and constriction in throat; fever with unquenchable thirst; dingy color of skin; gangrene; constipation; hectic fever with dry, hacking cough from suppuration of lungs; great exhaustion; impotence; excessive emaciation; great hunger; obstinate belching and vomiting. Chronic lead-poisoning produces a perfect picture of glycosuria and of morbus.
Phosphoric Acid
Phosphoric Acid is used for neurogenic glycosuria. Debility from loss of animal fluids; bad effects from grief, anguish, sorrow and care; all the joints feel bruised; very sensitive to fresh air; lassitude and heaviness; weakness of mind; falling out of the hair; dimness of eyes; excessive thirst; eructations from acids; pressure in stomach; hard, difficult stool; shortness of breathing; urine thick, like milk (chyluria) or lime-water, with whitish curds, with stringy, bloody lumps, or clear, limpid, and containing much sugar; pain in back and kidneys; dull pressure in bladder; great weakness and emaciation; furunculosis.
Abroma Augusta
It is an excellent remedy where the quantity of sugar is excessive and the urine is loaded with high specific gravity: Patient passes large quantity of clear urine at night, excessive thirst, insomnia and prostration are other marked features. Patient is averse to do any physical or mental labor.
Syzygium Jambolanum
Syzygium Jambolanum is said to help treat thirst, weakness, skin ulcers, and excessive urination.
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